1) El efecto de un espíritu maligno que se posesiona del cuerpo.
2) La obra de espíritus o dioses ofendidos. .
3) La obra de una persona fallecida (su espíritu) que ha sido ofendida.
4) La labor de un enemigo
humana, viviente, que posee poderes sobrenaturales y se comunica o influencia a
los espíritus malignas (brujo, .hechicero, ~etc).
Factores Necesarios para-que
la Magia del Hechicero sea Efectiva según: Claude Levi-Strauss (Antropólogo y
Padre del Estructuralismo)
a) Que el hechicero crea en su propia magia.
b) El paciente (o víctima) crea en los poderes sobrenaturales del hechicero,
c) El grupo cultural proporcione el trasfondo (o escenario) adecuado, que actua corno refuerzo positivo.
(La historia de Quesalid es muy ilustrativa...)
1) Ahuyentar al espíritu maligno.
2) Incomodar al espíritu que se ha posesionado del cuerpo.
3) Aplacar a los dioses ofendidos
4) Contrarrestar la magia del hechicera enemigo.
(Esto explica el aspecto horripilante, la vestimenta estrambótico, bótica, los ademanes y sonidos intimidantes la utilización de posiones amargas, u objetora hediondos, rituales, cánticos secretos, trances autohipnóyicos, convulsiones histéricas, trucos deliberados, etc).
- Post hoc, Ergo propterhoc.
Después
de ello, luego (o por lo tanto) por ello.
Resultados
- Empirismo, y superstición.
- Algunos conocimientos a base de ensayo y error.
The Earliest Human Relatives
Alternative names. As we've seen, paleontologists
disagree about how many different species should be recognized in the human
fossil record. The minimum number of species names that are generally accepted
is listed in the left-hand column, while the one on the right shows to which of
them the larger number of names accepted in this volume corresponds.
|
Avstralopithecus afarensis |
Australopithecus afarensis |
|
Australopithecus africanus |
Austrálopithecus africanus |
|
Australopithecus robustus |
Paranthropus robustus |
|
Australopithecus boisei |
Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus aethiopicus |
|
Homo habilis |
Homo habilis Homo rodolfensis |
|
Homo erectus |
Homo erectus Homo ergaster |
|
Archaic" Horno sapiens |
Homo heidelbergensis |
|
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis |
Homo neanderthalensis |
|
Homo sapiens sapiens |
Homo sapiens |
Kenya and Tanzania, and in southern
Ethiopia as well. These sites range in age from about 2.4 million to 1 million years,
hence straddling the rather short period from which Paranthropus fossils are
known in South Africa.
During Bed i times the Olduvai basin
was occupied by a lake, fed by streams that drained from highlands nearby. The human
fossils are found in the lakeside sediments. Around the lake reed beds
flourished, yielding away from the lake to trees and finally to a rather arid
grassland. In the Omo basin of Ethiopia, Paranthropus-yielding deposits span a
period in which the climate dried considerably; on the open plains vegetation
became sparser with time, though forest presumably remained available along
watercourses.
The most plausible scheme of evolucion relationships among
che species of Australopithecus and Paranthropus. The heavy bars represent the known time range of cach species,
and che lighter linees the proposed relationships among them.
